Mango farming is vulnerable to pest and diseases which may cause considerable losses that affect quantity and quality of the produce. It is a must to know these threats in order to mitigate them and to ensure an optimum production of fruits in the orchard. Here’s an overview of some of the most common pests and diseases:Here’s an overview of some of the most common pests and diseases:
These pests and diseases can cause significant reduction in the yield of mangoes for economic consequences. Parasites and diseases affect the quality of the fruits, and results in higher loss rates after harvest, as well as, lower market price. Here’s how these issues affect the economics of mango farming:Here’s how these issues affect the economics of mango farming:
As for this research study, Integrated Pest and Disease Management plays a key role to maintain high yield and quality of mango fruits in mango orchards for economic reason and to get the maximum benefits from it. This article will focus on discussing mango pest and diseases with their control measures and also the mango disease signs.
Features:
Mango Mealybug is a small oval shaped insect with soft body having external skeleton and the body is covered with white powdery secretion known as wax. These pests are famous for mango trees and are more frequently seen in colonies on leaves, stems and fruits. Mealybugs also feed on the plant tissues by piercing plant body with their sharp styled mouth parts. Indeed they secrete honey dew which is a sticky substance that collects sooty mold which later on poses other problems. Mealybugs are most abundant at this time of the year and if not controlled their population will certainly increase significantly.
Symptoms:
Some of the symptoms one is likely to notice once mealybugs attack mango tree include; White, cotton-like substance on the leaves, stem, and fruits of the tree. Some of the signs include; Affected leaves receive an infestation and undergo curling, shaping, and premature shedding off the plant. The honeydew produced by the mealybugs causes sooty mould to form both on the foliage and fruit surface thus restricting photosynthesis and making the fruit less attractive to consumers. Heavy infestations affect the vigour of the tree and it cannot grow to its full potential as well as reduced yield on fruits.
Mango Pest Management:
Biological control can, therefore, be considered asone of the most effective means of dealing with mango mealybugs. Some of the other beneficial predators like ladybugs, green lacewings, parasites like parasitic wasps such as Anagyrus lopezi feed on mealybugs. Some of these beneficial insects if promoted in the orchard can greatly help in the control of mealybug population.
Several of such helpful insects if are encouraged within the orchard can greatly assist in maintaining low mealybug population. Cultural measures include pest free orchard management where weeds and debris for instance are eliminated since they harbour mealybugs. Early signs of the pest can also be seen and easily identified especially during the dry season if the trees are frequently checked. Slicing of infested branches and burning also play a role in the prevention of spread of mealybugs. Also, there will be the protection of the population of natural predators because there will be less usage of broad-spectrum insecticides.
It should be the last option and may entail the use of systemic insecticides which are imidacloprid or contact insecticides including neem oil. These should be used tactfully to avoid a negative impact on other friendly insects and to reduce cases of build up of resistance. Another importance of the sprays is that they should be applied at infant stages of infestation for the best results to be achieved.
Solution: The Mango Mealybug is a rather dangerous pest which inflicts significant harm to mango trees, since it sucks sap from the trees and leads to wilting, shedding of leaves and stunted growth. A logical and practical way of addressing this problem in this case is the application of Beaveria WP, a wettable powder insecticide derived from the beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana. This fungus parasitic in Mango Mealybugs and devours them thus aiding in suppression of the pests without the use of chemical pesticides. Through the use of Beaveria WP you can conserve your mango trees as well as encouraging good health within the orchard.
Features:
Although Mango Stem Borer (Batocera rufomaculata) is big in size, brown in color, and resembles a typical beetle, it is very destructive to mango trees. Occasionally the adult beetles deposit their eggs into the cracks or crevices within the bark of the tree. After hatching the larvae were noticed to tunnel into the wooden structure of the tree, feeding on its pulp. These are white legless grubs usually measuring up to 5cm long The larvae of beeflies are segmented which makes it easy to distinguish them from other similar stages of Diptera. It hinders the processes of nutrient and water transportation in the tree thus causing decaying and death of branches or even the entire tree.
Symptoms:
Infestation by the mango stem borer is often first noticed when branches begin to wilt and die back. Upon closer inspection, boreholes may be found on the trunk or branches, often accompanied by the presence of frass (a sawdust-like material) around the holes. In severe infestations, the tree may show signs of extensive dieback, and large sections of the tree may become hollowed out. The bark may also split, and in some cases, the tree may collapse entirely if the infestation is not controlled.
Mango pest Management:
Biological controloptions for mango stem borers are limited, but natural predators such as woodpeckers and parasitoid wasps can help reduce borer populations. Encouraging these predators in the orchard can provide some level of control.
Cultural practicesare crucial in managing mango stem borers. Regular monitoring of the orchard, especially during the early growing season, can help detect infestations early. Pruning and destroying infested branches can help prevent the spread of the borers. Maintaining overall tree health through proper irrigation, fertilization, and pruning can make the tree less susceptible to attack.
Chemical controlinvolves injecting systemic insecticides such as chlorpyrifos into the tree trunk to target the larvae directly. This method should be done carefully to avoid further harming the tree. Additionally, applying insecticides like neem oil around the base of the tree can deter adult beetles from laying eggs.
Solution: Mango Stem Borer is a destructive pest that tunnels into mango tree branches and stems, weakening the structure and often leading to dieback. A natural and effective solution for managing this pest is Myco Pestop from Novobac, a bio-insecticide containing Metarhizium anisopliae. This in turn is a useful fungus that parasitizes the Mango Stem Borer and kills the latter when the life cycle of the latter is interrupted. By using Myco Pestop here, there is an eradication of this pest as well as ensuring better health of mango orchards because of avoiding chemical sprays that come with health and other damaging effects to the trees among other monumental benefits that come with chemical-free farming.
Features:
Mango Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) are minute, slender insects, typically yellow or pale brown, that measure around 1-2 mm in length. These pests are particularly damaging during the flowering and early fruiting stages of mango trees. Thrips feed by puncturing plant cells and sucking out the contents, which leads to cell death and the formation of silver or bronze-colored scars on leaves, flowers, and young fruits. Thrips are also vectors for viral diseases, making them a significant concern for mango growers.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango thrips is indicated by the presence of silvery or bronze-colored scarring on the leaves, flowers, and young fruits. This damage can lead to leaf curling, flower drop, and reduced fruit set. The scars on fruits not only affect their appearance but can also lead to fruit cracking and deformities, reducing marketability. In severe cases, the overall health of the tree may decline, leading to stunted growth and lower yields.
Management:
Biological controlinvolves promoting the activity of natural predators such as predatory mites, ladybugs, and parasitic wasps (Thripobius semiluteus), which prey on thrips. Maintaining a diverse habitat in the orchard can help sustain these beneficial populations.
Cultural practicesinclude regular monitoring of the orchard, especially during flowering and early fruiting, to detect early infestations. Pruning and removing heavily infested plant parts can help reduce thrips populations. Ensuring optimal tree health through proper irrigation, fertilization, and canopy management can make trees less susceptible to thrips damage.
Chemical controlmay involve the use of insecticides such as spinosad or abamectin, which are effective against thrips. These should be applied at the first sign of infestation to prevent the population from exploding. However, it is important to use these chemicals judiciously to avoid harming non-target species and developing resistance. Neem oil is another option for those seeking organic fungicide for mango trees to thrips control.
Solution: Mango Thrips are small but destructive pests that feed on young mango leaves and fruit, causing deformities and reduced fruit quality. An effective and sustainable solution for controlling Mango Thrips is using Beveria WP, a wettable powder insecticide from Novobac containing the naturally occurring fungus Beauveria bassiana. This bio-insecticide works by infecting the thrips with fungal spores, ultimately killing them without harming beneficial insects. Applying Beveria WP helps to protect mango crops from thrips damage, supporting healthier harvests while avoiding the use of harsh chemical pesticides
Features:
The Mango Hopper, scientifically known as Amritodus atkinsoni, is a significant pest of mango trees. These small, brownish-green insects are most active during the flowering season and are notorious for their ability to reproduce rapidly. Mango hoppers are typically found on the underside of leaves and young shoots, where they feed on plant sap. The adult hoppers are winged and can move quickly, while the nymphs are wingless and remain stationary, causing damage to the tree by sucking the sap from tender parts.
Symptoms:
Infestations of mango hoppers can be identified by the presence of honeydew, a sticky substance secreted by the hoppers, which coats the leaves and fruit. This honeydew leads to the growth of sooty mold, a black fungus that interferes with photosynthesis, weakening the tree. Additionally, affected trees may exhibit wilting, leaf curling, and reduced fruit set. The most severe damage occurs when hoppers attack mango flowers, leading to flower drop and significantly reduced yields.
Management:
Effective management of mango hoppers requires an integrated approach. Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural enemies such as spiders, predatory bugs, and parasitoids like Anagyrus lopezi. Additionally, the introduction of insecticidal fungi such as Beauveria bassianacan help control hopper populations.
Cultural practicesinclude pruning of dense canopies to improve air circulation and reduce humidity, which hoppers prefer. Regular monitoring of the orchard, especially during the flowering season, can help in early detection and control of infestations.
Chemical controlinvolves the use of insecticides such as imidacloprid or thiamethoxam, applied at the flowering stage to prevent hopper buildup. However, care should be taken to avoid overuse of chemicals, as this can lead to resistance and harm beneficial insects. Spraying neem oil is a more eco-friendly option that can reduce hopper numbers while being safe for the environment.
Solution: Mango Hoppers are a significant pest in mango orchards, causing damage by sucking sap from leaves, flowers, and tender shoots, leading to poor fruit set and reduced yields. A highly effective solution is Beaveria WP, a wettable powder insecticide containing the fungus Beauveria bassiana. This naturally occurring fungus specifically targets Mango Hoppers by infecting and eventually killing the pest. Using Beaveria WP provides a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, helping to protect mango trees while fostering a healthier orchard ecosystem and promoting long-term crop productivity.
Features:
The Mango Leaf Webber (Orthaga euadrusalis) is a moth species whose larvae are notorious for their leaf-damaging habits. The adult moths are small and brown, with a wingspan of about 20-25 mm. However, it is the caterpillar stage that causes the most harm. These caterpillars are greenish with black heads and spin webs on the leaves, creating clusters where they feed. The webbing behavior protects them from natural predators and environmental factors, allowing them to feed extensively on mango leaves.
Symptoms:
Infestations by mango leaf webbers can be recognized by the presence of silk webs on the leaves, where caterpillars congregate and feed. The leaves within these webs become skeletonized, with only the veins remaining intact. As the infestation progresses, entire branches can be defoliated, leading to reduced photosynthesis and weakened tree health. In severe cases, the tree may experience stunted growth and lower fruit production.
Management:
Biological control includes the use of natural enemies or biocontrol agents; these include birds, spiders and parasitic wasps e. g Trichogramma spp. that specific to the attack the eggs or larvae of the leaf webber. Other approaches that can be used in managing caterillar include use of entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana.
Cultural practices include constant check on the Mango Orcha, most especially during the initial growing season where the larval magnitude is high. Sanitation plays an important part in controlling the further spread of the pest; the infested parts of the plants such as leaves and branches should be pruned and destroyed. The adult is about ¾ of an inch long and is generally brownish with darker markings; it too can be encouraged to breed in fallen leaves and debris which should be cleared from the orchard.
Chemical control the last resort when the infestation of the pests is high or beyond any control. Among the insecticides used to control the larvae, spinosad or Bacillus thuringiensis {Bt] bear the ability to effectively manage the pest. These should be applied directly at the affected areas with an aim of reducing impacts on the environment. Sprays of neem oil can also be employed as an organic way of reducing the chances of the caterpillars to feed or even develop further.
Solution:
Mango Leaf Webber is another bug we have noticed that forms webs around mango tree leaves and affects those greatly as they feeds on them. A natural way of controlling this pest is through the use of Bt Thuricide from Novobac which is an organic insecticide that contains Bacillus thuringiensis. This beneficial bacterium selectively acts on Mango Leaf Webber larvae and disables its digestive tract thus helping in controlling the menace. By spraying the mango crop with the Bt Thuricide, the growers will be able to save their mango trees from the brinjal pest without the use of chemical insecticide hence promoting healthy mango trees and a better environment for mango trees within the orchard.
Features:
Mango Scale Insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis) are small, armoured insects which make themselves at home on the underside of the bark, leaves and fruit of mango trees. These pests are normally smaller than 2mm in size, they have round or oval shaped lumps on the surface of the plant. They can also be white, gray or brown and serve the purpose of shields the insect from predators and unfavourable conditions. These insects pierce the host tissue and feed on the sap draining the energy of the trees in the process.
Symptoms:
Dense spherical formations of small, knobby lumps on the tree’s bark, foliage or fruits are the best signs that scale insects have invaded the mango tree. and while feeding on them the leaves may wither and change color to yellow and can even drop before their time is due. In severe infestations the tree may stop growing and the yield may be considerably affected. The feeding process also produce honeydew which attract ants and sooty mold that reduces the health status of the tree.
Management:
Mango scale insects can be managed through biological control methods by the use of natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings and parasitoids including Aphytis spp. Such predatory insects as these feed on the scale insects and are thus useful for controlling the later’s numbers.
Cultural practicesthus include constant supervision of the concerned orchard for signs of infestations to be controlled instantly. One can also trim off or remove some branches that are heavily infested in a bid to minimize the scales. Furthermore, taking good care of the trees such as watering them and providing them with appropriate fertilizer would make it hard for the scales to infest the tree.
Where the infestation is extreme, chemical control may be required. Oils can be applied to smother the scale insect; neem oil or mineral oil perhaps could be used for this purpose. Other ways of pest control include by using systemic insecticides such as imidacloprid which affects the pests internally. But like all chemical treatments they should be applied judiciously to avoid negative effects on useful insects and non-target insects and create resistant strains.
Solution: An effective and eco-friendly solution for controlling this pest is using Beaveria WP, a wettable powder that contains the naturally occurring fungus Beauveria bassiana. This biocontrol agent targets the Mango Scale Insect by infecting and eliminating it, reducing pest populations without the need for harsh chemicals. Applying Beaveria WP promotes healthier mango trees and supports a sustainable orchard environment, allowing for stronger, more productive crops.
Features:
The Mango Shoot Borer (Chlumetia transversa) is a moth species whose larvae are highly destructive to mango trees. The adult moths are nocturnal and have a wingspan of about 30-35 mm, but it is the caterpillar stage that poses a threat. These caterpillars bore into the young shoots and tender stems of mango trees, feeding internally and causing the shoots to wilt and die back. The larvae are reddish-brown with a black head, and they create characteristic entry holes on the shoots.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango shoot borers is often indicated by wilting and dieback of young shoots and twigs. The affected shoots may show signs of boreholes with frass (insect excrement) around the entry point. As the larvae tunnel inside the stem, the internal tissues are destroyed, leading to a loss of vigor and reduced fruiting potential. In severe cases, the entire branch may die, and the tree’s overall health can be compromised.
Management:
Biological controlof mango shoot borers can be challenging, but natural predators such as birds and parasitic wasps like Bracon spp.can help reduce caterpillar populations. Encouraging these natural enemies in the orchard can provide some level of control.
Cultural practicesare crucial for managing mango shoot borers. Regular monitoring of the orchard, particularly during the early growing season, can help detect infestations early. Pruning and destroying infested shoots is essential to prevent the larvae from completing their life cycle and spreading to other parts of the tree. Maintaining overall tree health through proper nutrition and irrigation can also make the tree less susceptible to attack.
Chemical controlmay be required in cases of severe infestation. Systemic insecticides like imidacloprid can be applied to the soil to be absorbed by the tree and target the larvae internally. Alternatively, contact insecticides such as carbaryl or chlorpyrifos can be applied directly to the affected areas. Care should be taken to avoid excessive use of chemicals, which can harm beneficial insects and lead to resistance.
Solution: Mango Shoot Borer is a destructive pest that bores into the tender shoots of mango trees, stunting growth and reducing fruit yields. An effective and eco-friendly solution is using BT Thuricide or Bacillus thuringiensis from Novobac. This naturally occurring bacterium targets and controls Mango Shoot Borer larvae by infecting their digestive system, causing them to stop feeding and die. Applying Bacillus thuringiensis can safeguard mango trees without resorting to harsh chemicals, ensuring healthier growth and a more sustainable mango orchard.
Features:
The Mango Stone Weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae) is a significant pest that affects mango fruits from within. The adult weevils are small, dark brown to black insects, about 6-8 mm long, with a distinct snout. The female weevil lays eggs on the surface of young mango fruits, and upon hatching, the larvae bore into the fruit, eventually reaching the seed. The larvae feed on the seed, causing damage that can lead to fruit drop or render the fruit unmarketable.
Symptoms:
Infestations by mango stone weevils are often difficult to detect because the damage occurs inside the fruit. However, infested fruits may show small entry holes at the base, near the stem. As the larvae feed on the seed, the fruit may drop prematurely, and upon cutting open the fruit, the weevil larvae and damaged seed can be observed. Infected fruits are often misshapen, and the seed inside may be hollow or filled with frass.
Management:
Biological controloptions for mango stone weevils are limited, but promoting the activity of natural enemies such as parasitoid wasps can help reduce weevil populations.
Cultural practicesinvolve careful monitoring of the orchard during the fruiting season. Collecting and destroying fallen fruits is essential to break the life cycle of the weevil and prevent re-infestation. Bagging young fruits can provide physical protection from egg-laying by female weevils.
Chemical controlmay be necessary to manage severe infestations. Systemic insecticides like imidacloprid can be applied to the soil to be absorbed by the tree and target the larvae as they develop within the fruit. Foliar sprays of insecticides such as carbaryl or chlorpyrifos can also be applied to the fruit surface to kill eggs and larvae. However, the use of chemicals should be carefully managed to avoid residues on the fruit.
Solution: Mango Stone Weevil is a destructive pest that targets the seeds of mangoes, leading to fruit damage and reduced yield. A natural and effective solution to manage this pest is MET Zone from Novobac, a bio-insecticide containing Metarhizium anisopliae. This naturally occurring fungus specifically targets Mango Stone Weevils by infecting and eliminating them. Using MET Zone helps protect mango crops without depending on synthetic pesticides, fostering healthier fruit and promoting a sustainable, eco-friendly approach to mango pest control in mango orchards.
Features:
The Mango Gall Midge (Procontarinia matteiana) is a small fly whose larvae cause significant damage to mango leaves. The adult midges are tiny, about 2-3 mm long, and are usually active during the early growing season. The female midge lays eggs on the tender leaves of mango trees, and the larvae that hatch feed on the leaf tissue, inducing the formation of galls. These galls are small, raised bumps on the leaves, which can lead to distortion and reduced photosynthetic efficiency.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango gall midges is characterized by the presence of small, round galls on the leaves, typically on the upper surface. These galls may be green, red, or brown, depending on the stage of development. As the larvae feed within the leaf tissue, the galls grow in size, causing the leaves to curl and deform. In severe infestations, the overall leaf area is reduced, leading to stunted growth and lower fruit production.
Management:
Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps like Platygaster spp., which target the larvae inside the galls. Predatory insects like ladybugs can also help control midge populations.
Cultural practicesinvolve regular monitoring of the orchard, particularly during the early growing season when the midges are most active. Removing and destroying infested leaves can help reduce the population of gall midges. Pruning heavily infested branches can also help limit the spread of the pest.
Chemical controlmay be necessary for severe infestations. Insecticides such as imidacloprid or spinosad can be applied to the affected areas to kill the larvae inside the galls. However, chemical treatments should be used sparingly to avoid harming beneficial insects and developing resistance.
Solution:
Mango Gall Midge is a damaging pest that affects mango trees, causing swelling and galls on the leaves, flowers, and shoots. An effective solution to manage this pest is Beaveria WP from Novobac, a bio-insecticide containing Beauveria bassiana. This natural fungus infects and kills Mango Gall Midge, reducing their population while minimizing harm to beneficial insects. By applying Beaveria WP, growers can protect their mango trees without resorting to harsh chemicals, promoting a healthier orchard and more sustainable mango production.
Features:
The Mango leaf hoppers are small winged insects particularly of the species Idioscopus nitidulus are known to feed on the Mango tree. They are 3-4 mm in length and are green-brown in colour with a tinge of green on their wings, though these wings are wholly transparent. The main flare up of the mango pests known as the leafhoppers is around when the mango tree is blooming or when its fruits are developing. They are located on the leaf surfaces often on the lower side of the leaves, new shoots and emerging flowers; they feed on plant fluids through their mouth structures which are known as piercing sucking mouthparts. These bugs are also carriers of viral diseases and thus are enemies to mango farming as well.
Symptoms:
India The signs of mango leafhoppers include browning and curling of the leaves besides honeydew which is a substance produced by the hoppe. This honeydew promotes the sooty mold which is a black fungus that engulf the leaves and the fruit thus hindering photosynthesis and fruit quality. Sometimes, the flowers can even shed before pollination, this greatly decreases the fruitfulness of the plant and productivity. Even if there are certain effects of the presence of ants as well as on the plant’s health, the appearance of ants will increase due to the presence of leafhoppers and the ants defend them against predators.
Management:
Biological control can be done through the introduction of bio-control agents such as predatory bugs, spiders and parasitoids namely; Anagyrus lopezi. These are useful insects cause they consumes the leafhoppers and hence brings down their densities.
Some of the cultural measuresinclude frequent scouting of the orchard, especially during flowering to check for the insect pest build-up. Trimming the foliage by removing the thick layers, which hinder adequate airflow and that results in high humidity, will also help to discourage the presence of leafhoppers. Items that should also be practiced in order to avoid breeding grounds include cleaning the orchard floor by gathering any fallen leaves and other chaffs.
Chemical controlmay include the use of insecticides at the flowering stage to minimize buildup of the leafhoppers and this may be using imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. However, the use of chemicals should not be exaggerated because pests are likely to develop resistance; the beneficial insects are also affected with chemicals. Using Neem oil is a better method of discouraging the management of the colony because it dips the leaves of the plant in the diminution of the grouping of leaf hoppers without polluting the environment.
Solution: Mango Leafhoppers can cause significant damage to mango trees by feeding on the sap of leaves and tender shoots, leading to stunted growth and a reduction in fruit quality. A natural solution to manage this pest is Beaveria WP from Novobac. This wettable powder contains the beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana, which infects and kills Mango Leafhoppers without harming the environment. By applying Beaveria WP, you can protect your mango trees from leafhopper damage while maintaining a healthy, chemical-free orchard ecosystem.
Features:
Mango Aphids (Aphis gossypii) are small, soft-bodied insects that are typically green or black and measure about 1-2 mm in length. These pests are commonly found on the undersides of leaves, young shoots, and flower clusters. Aphids reproduce rapidly, and their populations can build up quickly, especially during warm and dry weather. They feed by piercing the plant tissue with their needle-like mouthparts and sucking out the sap, which weakens the plant and reduces its vigor.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango aphids is often indicated by curled or distorted leaves, sticky honeydew deposits, and the presence of sooty mold. The honeydew produced by the aphids coats the leaves and fruit, leading to the growth of sooty mold, a black fungus that interferes with photosynthesis and reduces fruit quality. Heavy infestations can cause stunted growth, reduced flowering, and lower fruit yields. The presence of aphids can also attract ants, which protect them from natural predators.
Management:
Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural predators such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps like Aphidius colemani. These beneficial insects feed on aphids and help keep their populations in check.
Cultural practicesinclude regular monitoring of the orchard to detect and manage infestations early. Pruning and removing infested shoots can help reduce aphid populations. Maintaining tree health through proper irrigation and fertilization can make the tree less susceptible to aphid attacks.
Chemical controlmay involve the application of insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or systemic insecticides like imidacloprid to control aphid populations. However, chemical treatments should be used sparingly to avoid harming beneficial insects and developing resistance.
Solution: A natural solution for controlling Mango Aphids is Beaveria WP from Novobac. This wettable powder contains the beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana, which infects and kills aphids without harming the environment. By using Beaveria WP, you can protect your mango trees from aphid infestations while promoting a healthier, more sustainable orchard ecosystem free from harsh chemical treatments.
Features:
Mango Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) are tiny, slender insects that measure about 1-2 mm in length. These pests are yellow or pale brown and are most active during the flowering and early fruiting stages of the mango tree. Thrips feed by piercing the plant tissue with their mouthparts and sucking out the cell contents, leading to the formation of silver or bronze-colored scars on the leaves, flowers, and young fruits. Thrips are also known to transmit viral diseases, making them a significant pest in mango orchards.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango thrips is often indicated by the presence of silver or bronze-colored scars on the leaves, flowers, and young fruits. The leaves may also curl, and the flowers may drop prematurely, leading to reduced fruit set and lower yields. The scarring on the fruit can affect its appearance and marketability, leading to economic losses. In severe cases, the tree may experience stunted growth and reduced vigor.
Management:
Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural enemies such as predatory mites, ladybugs, and parasitoid wasps like Thripobius semiluteus. These beneficial insects feed on thrips and help reduce their populations.
Cultural practicesinclude regular monitoring of the orchard, particularly during the flowering and early fruiting stages, to detect and manage infestations early. Pruning and removing infested leaves and flowers can help reduce thrips populations. Maintaining tree health through proper irrigation and fertilization can make the tree less susceptible to thrips attacks.
Chemical controlmay involve the application of insecticides such as spinosad or abamectin to control thrips populations. However, chemical treatments should be used sparingly to avoid harming beneficial insects and developing resistance. Spraying neem oil is a more eco-friendly option that can reduce thrips numbers while being safe for the environment.
Solution: Mango Thrips are tiny insects that can cause significant damage to mango leaves, flowers, and fruit. They puncture plant tissue, leading to scarring and deformities that reduce the quality and yield of the crop. A natural solution to control Mango Thrips is using Beaveria WP from Novobac. This wettable powder contains Beauveria bassiana, a fungus that infects and kills thrips, reducing their population without the need for harmful chemicals. By applying Beaveria WP, you can protect your mango trees, enhance fruit quality, and maintain a more sustainable and eco-friendly orchard.
Features:
The Red-banded Mango Caterpillar (Autocharis albizonalis) is a moth species whose larvae feed on the leaves and flowers of mango trees. The adult moths are small, with a wingspan of about 15-20 mm, and have distinct red bands on their wings. The larvae are light green with a red stripe running along their bodies, making them easily identifiable. These caterpillars feed on the leaves, buds, and flowers of mango trees, causing significant damage during the growing season.
Symptoms:
Infestation by red-banded mango caterpillars is often indicated by chewed or skeletonized leaves, as well as damaged flower clusters. The caterpillars feed on the tender parts of the tree, leading to reduced leaf area and lower fruit set. In severe infestations, the tree may experience stunted growth and reduced vigor, ultimately affecting fruit production and quality.
Management:
Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural predators such as birds, spiders, and parasitic wasps like Trichogramma spp.These beneficial insects feed on the caterpillars and help keep their populations in check.
Cultural practicesinclude regular monitoring of the orchard, particularly during the early growing season, to detect and manage infestations early. Pruning and removing infested leaves and flowers can help reduce caterpillar populations. Keeping the orchard clean by removing fallen leaves and debris can also limit breeding grounds for the caterpillars.
Chemical controlmay involve the application of insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or spinosad to control caterpillar populations. These should be applied directly to the affected areas to minimize environmental impact. Neem oil sprays can also be used as a more eco-friendly option to disrupt the feeding and development of the caterpillars.
Solution: Red-banded Mango Caterpillar can cause significant damage to mango crops by burrowing into the fruit, leading to rot and reduced yield. A highly effective solution for managing this pest is using BT Thuricide from Novobac. This biological insecticide contains Bacillus thuringiensis, a naturally occurring bacterium that specifically targets and kills caterpillars like the Red-banded Mango Caterpillar. By applying BT Thuricide, mango farmers can control this pest without resorting to harsh chemicals, supporting healthier fruit production and fostering a more sustainable orchard ecosystem.
Features:
Mango Whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) is a small, winged insect that feeds on the sap of mango trees. These pests are about 1-2 mm long and are white or yellowish in color, with a waxy coating on their wings. Whiteflies are usually found on the undersides of leaves, where they feed by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant tissue and sucking out the sap. They reproduce rapidly, and their populations can build up quickly, especially during warm and humid weather.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango whiteflies is often indicated by yellowing and curling of leaves, as well as the presence of sticky honeydew on the leaves and fruit. This honeydew leads to the growth of sooty mold, a black fungus that interferes with photosynthesis and reduces fruit quality. Heavy infestations can cause stunted growth, reduced flowering, and lower fruit yields. The presence of whiteflies can also attract ants, which protect them from natural predators.
Management:
Biological controlcan be achieved by encouraging the presence of natural predators such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps like Encarsia formosa. These beneficial insects feed on whiteflies and help keep their populations in check.
Cultural practicesinclude regular monitoring of the orchard to detect and manage infestations early. Pruning and removing infested leaves can help reduce whitefly populations. Maintaining tree health through proper irrigation and fertilization can make the tree less susceptible to whitefly attacks.
Chemical controlmay involve the application of insecticidal soaps, neem oil, or systemic insecticides like imidacloprid to control whitefly populations. However, chemical treatments should be used sparingly to avoid harming beneficial insects and developing resistance.
Solution: Mango Whitefly can cause significant damage to mango trees by feeding on the sap of the leaves, leading to yellowing, leaf drop, and even stunted growth. A sustainable solution to control this pest is Beaveria WP, a wettable powder insecticide from Novobac containing Beauveria bassiana. This naturally occurring fungus effectively infects and kills Mango Whiteflies without harming the environment. By applying Beaveria WP, you can protect your mango trees from whitefly infestations and promote a healthier, more sustainable orchard, free from the need for harsh chemical treatments.
Features:
The Mango Bark Eating Caterpillar (Indarbela tetraonis) is a moth species whose larvae bore into the bark of mango trees, causing significant damage. The adult moths are brownish-gray with a wingspan of about 30-35 mm, but it is the caterpillar stage that poses the most threat. The larvae are about 25-30 mm long, with a reddish-brown body and a dark head. They feed by tunneling into the bark, where they create galleries that can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to other pests and diseases.
Symptoms:
Infestation by mango bark eating caterpillars is often indicated by the presence of boreholes and frass (wood dust) on the bark of the tree. The bark may also show signs of splitting or peeling, and the affected branches may exhibit dieback, with wilting leaves and eventual drying out. In severe cases, the tree may experience stunted growth, reduced fruit production, and even death if the infestation is not controlled.
Management:
Biological controloptions for mango bark eating caterpillars are limited, but natural predators such as woodpeckers and parasitic wasps can help reduce caterpillar populations. Encouraging these natural enemies in the orchard can provide some level of control.
Cultural practicesinvolve regular monitoring of the orchard, particularly during the early growing season, to detect infestations early. Pruning and destroying infested branches is crucial to prevent the spread of the caterpillars. Maintaining overall tree health through proper nutrition and irrigation can also make the tree less susceptible to attack.
Chemical controlmay involve injecting systemic insecticides like imidacloprid or chlorpyrifos into the tree trunk to target the larvae directly. This method should be carried out carefully to avoid harming the tree further. Applying neem oil around the base of the tree can act as a deterrent for egg-laying by adult moths.
Solution:
The Mango Bark Eating Caterpillar is a persistent pest that targets mango trees by boring into the bark and causing significant damage. A natural and effective solution to control this caterpillar is Bt Thuricide from Novobac. This biological insecticide contains Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that specifically targets caterpillars by disrupting their digestive system, leading to their eventual death. By using Bt Thuricide, you can protect your mango trees from the harmful effects of bark-eating caterpillars without relying on harsh chemical pesticides, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable orchard.
Features:
Anthracnose is one of the most common and severe fungal diseases affecting mango trees, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This disease primarily affects the leaves, flowers, and fruit of the mango tree, leading to significant crop losses if not properly managed. Anthracnose thrives in warm, humid conditions, which makes it particularly prevalent during the rainy season.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of anthracnose vary depending on the part of the plant that is infected. On leaves, it appears as small, dark, sunken spots that can enlarge and coalesce, leading to leaf blight and premature leaf drop. On flowers, anthracnose causes black lesions, leading to flower drop and poor fruit set. The most noticeable symptoms occur on the fruit, where dark, sunken lesions develop, often starting near the stem end. These lesions can expand and penetrate deep into the fruit, causing rotting and rendering the fruit unmarketable. In severe cases, the disease can lead to complete crop failure.
Management:
Cultural practicesare essential in managing anthracnose. Pruning the tree to improve air circulation and reduce humidity can help prevent the spread of the fungus. Removing and destroying infected leaves, flowers, and fruits from the orchard can also help limit the source of infection. Ensuring proper spacing between trees and avoiding overhead irrigation can reduce the moisture that favors fungal growth.
Chemical controlis often necessary to manage anthracnose, particularly in areas with high humidity. Fungicides such as copper-based products or chlorothalonil can be applied during the flowering and fruiting stages to protect against infection. It is crucial to follow a regular spray schedule, especially during the rainy season, to keep the disease in check. The use of systemic fungicides like azoxystrobin or tebuconazole can also be effective in managing severe infections.
Solution:
A natural solution for managing this issue is Trianum Shield from Novobac, a biofungicide containing Trichoderma harzianum. This beneficial fungus works by colonizing the plant’s roots and surrounding soil, helping to suppress the growth of Anthracnose by outcompeting harmful fungi. Applying Trianum Shield can effectively reduce disease outbreaks while promoting stronger, healthier mango trees. By using this eco-friendly solution, growers can protect their crops without the need for harsh chemical treatments, fostering a more sustainable orchard environment.
Features:
Powdery Mildew is a widespread fungal disease affecting mango trees, caused by the fungus Oidium mangiferae. Unlike many other fungal mango tree diseases, powdery mildew thrives in dry conditions and can spread rapidly in areas with low humidity and cool temperatures. This disease primarily affects the leaves, flowers, and young fruits of mango trees, leading to reduced fruit set and lower yields.
Symptoms:
The first signs of powdery mildew are white, powdery patches on the leaves, flowers, and young fruits. These patches can spread rapidly, covering large areas of the plant. Infected leaves may curl, become distorted, and eventually drop prematurely. On flowers, the disease causes them to turn black and shrivel, leading to flower drop and poor fruit set. Infected fruits may develop small, black spots that can enlarge and cause the fruit to crack, reducing its marketability. In severe cases, the disease can lead to a significant reduction in fruit yield.
Management:
Cultural practicesplay a key role in managing powdery mildew. Pruning the tree to improve air circulation and reduce humidity can help prevent the spread of the fungus. Ensuring proper spacing between trees and avoiding overhead irrigation can also reduce the conditions that favor the development of powdery mildew.
Chemical controlis often necessary to manage powdery mildew, particularly in areas prone to the disease. Fungicides such as sulfur or potassium bicarbonate can be applied to protect against infection. Systemic fungicides like triazoles (e.g., myclobutanil or tebuconazole) can also be effective in managing severe infections. It is important to apply these treatments early, at the first signs of infection, to prevent the disease from spreading.
Solution:
A sustainable and effective solution to this issue is Trianum-V from Novobac, a bioproduct containing Trichoderma harzianum. This naturally occurring fungus works by colonizing the plant’s roots and acting as a shield against the harmful fungi that cause Powdery Mildew. Using Trianum-V helps promote healthier mango trees while avoiding the need for harsh chemical fungicides, fostering a more resilient and eco-friendly orchard.
Features:
Mango Malformation is a complex disease that affects the growth and development of mango trees. The exact cause of mango malformation is still debated, but it is generally believed to be associated with the fungus Fusarium mangiferaeas well as environmental factors and genetic predisposition. The disease primarily affects the inflorescences (flower clusters) and vegetative shoots, leading to distorted growth and reduced fruit production.
Symptoms:
Mango malformation is characterized by the abnormal development of flower clusters, which become thickened, compact, and fail to set fruit. These malformed inflorescences often exhibit excessive branching, with short, thickened floral parts that are sterile. The vegetative malformation, on the other hand, causes the shoots to produce clusters of small, stunted leaves that are densely packed. These malformed shoots often resemble a “witch’s broom.” The disease can significantly reduce the fruit yield, and in severe cases, it can render the tree unproductive.
Management:
Cultural practicesare crucial in managing mango malformation. Removing and destroying infected inflorescences and shoots can help reduce the spread of the disease. Pruning should be done during the dry season to minimize the risk of infection. It is also important to avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, which can exacerbate the symptoms of malformation.
Chemical controlis challenging, but some success has been reported with the use of fungicides such as carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl. These fungicides can be applied to the infected areas to reduce the severity of the disease. Additionally, the application of plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol has been found to reduce the incidence of malformation by promoting more uniform growth and development.
Solution:
A sustainable solution to this issue is using Trianum Shield, a biofungicide containing Trichoderma harzianum from Novobac. This naturally occurring fungus colonizes the plant roots, outcompeting harmful pathogens like those causing Mango Malformation. By applying Trianum Shield, growers can protect their mango trees without resorting to harsh chemicals, promoting stronger, healthier crops and supporting a more resilient orchard ecosystem.
Features:
Mango Bacterial Canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, is a serious disease that affects mango trees, leading to significant yield losses. This bacterial disease primarily affects the leaves, stems, and fruits of the mango tree, causing cankers, leaf spots, and fruit blemishes. Bacterial canker is most prevalent in areas with high humidity and warm temperatures.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of mango bacterial canker vary depending on the part of the plant that is infected. On leaves, it appears as small, water-soaked spots that eventually turn brown and develop a yellow halo. These spots may coalesce to form large necrotic areas, leading to premature leaf drop. On stems and branches, the disease causes cankers—sunken, dark lesions that can girdle the branch and cause dieback. The cankers may ooze a sticky, gummy substance. On fruits, bacterial canker manifests as small, water-soaked spots that enlarge and become corky, affecting the fruit’s appearance and marketability.
Management:
Cultural practicesare essential in managing mango bacterial canker. Pruning the tree to improve air circulation and reduce humidity can help prevent the spread of the bacterium. It is also important to remove and destroy infected leaves, stems, and fruits from the orchard to reduce the source of infection. Ensuring proper sanitation practices, such as disinfecting pruning tools, can help prevent the spread of the disease.
Chemical controlinvolves the application of copper-based bactericides to protect the tree from infection. These treatments should be applied during the early stages of the disease, particularly during the flowering and fruiting periods. It is important to follow a regular spray schedule, especially in areas with high humidity, to keep the disease in check. Additionally, the use of antibiotics such as streptomycin has shown some effectiveness in controlling bacterial canker, but their use should be carefully managed to avoid resistance.
Solution:
A natural and effective solution to combat this disease is using Trichoderma viride or Bacillus subtilis from Novobac. Trichoderma viride is a beneficial fungus that outcompetes harmful bacteria, promoting plant health and resilience. Bacillus subtilis, a powerful bacterium, helps suppress bacterial pathogens and enhances plant immune responses. Applying these biopesticides can safeguard mango trees from Bacterial Canker, promoting healthier plants and a more sustainable orchard ecosystem.
Features:
Mango Leaf Spot, also known as black spot, is a fungal disease caused by Cercospora mangiferaeand Pseudocercospora purpurea. This disease primarily affects the leaves of mango trees, leading to the development of spots that can reduce the photosynthetic capacity of the tree. Leaf spot is most common in areas with high humidity and frequent rainfall, where the fungus can spread rapidly.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of mango leaf spot are characterized by the development of small, dark brown or black spots on the leaves. These spots may be surrounded by a yellow halo and can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas. As the disease progresses, the affected leaves may curl, become distorted, and eventually drop prematurely. In severe cases, the disease can cause significant defoliation, reducing the tree’s overall vigor and fruit production.
Management:
Cultural practicesplay a key role in managing mango leaf spot. Pruning the tree to improve air circulation and reduce humidity can help prevent the spread of the fungus. It is also important to remove and destroy infected leaves from the orchard to reduce the source of infection. Ensuring proper spacing between trees and avoiding overhead irrigation can reduce the moisture that favors fungal growth.
Chemical controlinvolves the application of fungicides such as copper-based products or mancozeb to protect the tree from infection. These treatments should be applied during the early stages of the disease, particularly during the rainy season. It is important to follow a regular spray schedule to keep the disease in check. The use of systemic fungicides like difenoconazole can also be effective in managing severe infections.
Solution:
An effective and eco-friendly solution is using TRIANUM-V and Metilo from Novobac. TRIANUM-V is a biological fungicide containing beneficial Trichoderma fungi that outcompete harmful pathogens, while Metilo is a systemic treatment that helps control the spread of the disease. Together, these products offer a sustainable approach to managing Mango Leaf Spot, protecting your trees without relying on harsh chemicals, and promoting a healthier, more resilient mango orchard.
Features:
Mango Stem-End Rot is a fungal disease that affects mango fruits, both pre- and post-harvest. The disease is caused by several fungi, including Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis mangiferae, and Dothiorella spp.Stem-end rot typically develops after the fruit has been harvested, leading to significant post-harvest losses. The disease thrives in warm, humid conditions and can spread rapidly during storage and transport.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of mango stem-end rot are characterized by the development of dark, sunken lesions around the stem end of the fruit. These lesions can enlarge and spread to the rest of the fruit, leading to extensive rotting. The affected areas may become soft and mushy, with the flesh beneath turning brown or black. In some cases, the fruit may also develop a sour smell. The disease can spread rapidly during storage, leading to significant losses if not properly managed.
Management:
Cultural practicesare essential in managing mango stem-end rot. Harvesting fruits at the proper maturity stage and handling them carefully to avoid bruises or wounds can help reduce the risk of infection. It is also important to maintain proper sanitation in the orchard, including the removal of fallen fruits and pruning of diseased branches. Ensuring proper storage conditions, such as low humidity and cool temperatures, can help prevent the development of stem-end rot during storage.
Chemical controlinvolves the application of fungicides such as azoxystrobin or thiophanate-methyl to protect the fruit from infection. These treatments should be applied during the flowering and fruiting stages to reduce the incidence of stem-end rot. Post-harvest treatments, such as hot water dips or the application of fungicides, can also help reduce the risk of rot during storage and transport.
A highly effective solution for managing this disease is Trianum Shield, a product from Novobac. Trianum Shield contains Trichoderma harzianum, a beneficial fungus known for its ability to combat fungal pathogens like those causing Stem-End Rot. By applying Trianum Shield, you can protect mango trees from this destructive disease, ensuring healthier fruit development and a more resilient orchard. This approach supports a more sustainable and eco-friendly mango farming best practices by reducing reliance on harsh chemical treatments.
Features:
Mango Wilt is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mangiferae. This disease affects the vascular system of the mango tree, leading to wilting, dieback, and often the death of the affected tree. Mango wilt is most prevalent in areas with poor drainage or where the trees are under environmental stress. The disease can spread rapidly through the soil, making it a serious threat to mango orchards.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of mango wilt are characterized by the sudden wilting and yellowing of leaves on one or more branches. These symptoms are often followed by the death of the affected branches, with the leaves turning brown and remaining attached to the tree. The disease progresses quickly, leading to the death of the entire tree within a few weeks to months. The bark on the affected branches may develop sunken, dark lesions that exude gum.
The roots of the tree may also be affected, leading to root rot and further decline.
Management:
Cultural practicesare critical in managing mango wilt. Improving tree health through proper irrigation, fertilization, and drainage can help reduce the susceptibility of the tree to wilt. It is important to avoid injuring the tree during pruning or other cultural practices, as wounds can serve as entry points for the pathogen. Crop rotation and avoiding planting mango trees in areas with a history of wilt can also help reduce the risk of infection.
Chemical controlinvolves the application of fungicides such as thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim to protect the tree from infection. These treatments should be applied to the soil and the affected areas of the tree to prevent the spread of the disease. In some cases, soil fumigation may be necessary to reduce the pathogen load in the soil. It is important to follow a regular spray schedule, particularly during periods of high humidity, to keep the disease in check.
Solution:
A promising solution for managing Mango Wilt is using Trianum Shield, a biological product from Novobac. Trianum Shield contains the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum, which works by outcompeting and suppressing the pathogens responsible for Mango Wilt. Applying Trianum Shield helps strengthen the tree’s defense system and promotes healthier growth without relying on harsh chemicals, ensuring a more resilient and sustainable mango orchard.
Soil health is crucial for the overall well-being of mango trees and plays a significant role in preventing diseases. Healthy soil provides essential nutrients, improves water retention, and supports beneficial microorganisms that enhance plant immunity. To maintain soil health, it’s essential to practice regular soil testing, incorporate organic matter such as compost or green manure, and ensure proper drainage.
Metilo: Improving the fertility of the soil is best achieved through building favourable conditions for microbial action and Metilo is developed to help improve microbial activity in mango orchards. Immunomodulatory metabolic functions – This product increases the population of microbes in the soil thereby enhancing the nutrients available for plants. Metilo proves highly efficient in terms of triggering nitrogen fixation which is particularly helpful to overcome such an ailment as Mango Leaf Spot affecting the Mango trees frequently. In other words, Metilo improves the trees’ uptake of essential nutrients hence leading to enhanced growth and resistance to diseases. If Metilo is included in the management of the mango soil then your orchard will be in balance and the perfect environment for mango trees will be supported.
Soil Vigor: Soil vigor focuses on the root system, which is core to growth of healthy mango trees and therefore the product is apt. Soil Vigor improves the supporting structure of your mango trees by improving the organic matter content while promoting root growth. During this period, the root systems of the healthy trees are in a position to penetrate the water and nutrient source more efficiently boosting the tree’s general health and resistance to diseases such as Mango Wilt which is found in the soil. Soil Vigor’s frequent application contributes to the development of more resistant mango trees which enhance the growth of healthy trees that feeds on the nutrient and water available in the soil through the reactivated beneficial microorganisms which this product facilitates in the soil.
Cropium: This means that Cropium should be incorporated in the soil management programme if sustainable soil and mango tree health is to be achieved. This product improves the competency and productive capacity of the soils and guarantees the Mango trees with the required inputs all along their development stages. Cropium has excellent capacity of fixing inorganic phosphorus from the soil which is essential for vigorous vegetative growth and flowering of mango trees. Moreover, it also strengthens the ability of the soil to defend itself hence ensuring that infections by pathogens are difficult to thrive. When you adopt Cropium, your orchard can be effective and highly-functional, annually producing quality mangoes that have potent defense against diseases.
Adopting effective cultural practices is key to preventing pest infestations and disease outbreaks in mango farming best practices. Start by ensuring proper spacing between trees to improve air circulation and reduce humidity, which can harbor pests and pathogens. Regular pruning helps remove diseased or infested plant parts and promotes healthy growth. Additionally, practicing crop rotation and maintaining clean orchard floors can minimize pest habitats and break disease cycles. Applying mulch can help retain soil moisture and temperature, reducing stress on the trees and making them less susceptible to pests and diseases. Implementing these cultural practices not only protects the mango trees but also supports a balanced ecosystem within the orchard.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a comprehensive approach to controlling pests in mango farming best practices. IPM combines biological, cultural, and mechanical methods with minimal use of chemical pesticides, focusing on long-term solutions. By monitoring pest populations, using beneficial insects, and applying targeted treatments, IPM aims to manage pests effectively while minimizing environmental impact. Regular scouting and accurate pest identification are fundamental to implementing IPM successfully. Farmers can also benefit from selecting resistant mango varieties and employing physical barriers to protect the trees.
Adopting IPM practices in mango orchards provides several long-term benefits. Over time, IPM reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides, which can lead to healthier soils and a more balanced ecosystem. This approach also helps prevent the development of pesticide-resistant pests, ensuring more effective control in the future. By focusing on sustainable practices, farmers can enhance soil fertility, protect beneficial insects, and maintain higher biodiversity within the orchard. As a result, IPM contributes to increased resilience against pests and diseases, leading to reduced losses and improved fruit yields.
Farmers who implement effective IPM practices in their mango orchards often experience significant reductions in losses and increases in yields. By managing pests and diseases proactively, farmers can prevent major infestations that could otherwise lead to substantial crop damage. The use of IPM techniques, such as introducing natural predators and optimizing cultural practices, helps maintain healthy mango trees and ensures a more consistent and bountiful harvest. As a result, farmers benefit from higher-quality fruit, reduced input costs, and overall improved profitability in their mango farming operations.
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